综述与专论: 低功率光照疗法对机体免疫应答的影响

最近几年,采用红至红外波长(600～1 100 nm)的低功率光照(low-dose light,LDL)疗法对组织代谢系统、神经系统、血液循环系统和免疫系统等方面的调节效应已经引起了广泛关注．同时,生物能学和光生物学基础研究的发展推动了低功率光照在疾病治疗领域的革新．有报道指出,巨噬细胞、肥大细胞、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞等免疫细胞能响应低功率光照,产生细胞因子和保护性的蛋白质分子来缓解一些疾病的进程．因此,本文将从分子、细胞和组织水平对低功率光照改善的一些疾病的免疫学现象及机制进行归纳总结．     

Dermal toxicology of Lyngbya majuscula, from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia

Lyngbya majuscula is a filamentous marine cyanobacterium with a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical regions to a depth of 30 m. Over 70 chemicals have been isolated and characterised from this organism, many of which are biologically active. Previously, L. majuscula has been reported as implicated in negative health outcomes only in Hawaii and Okinawa. Recently large blooms of L. majuscula have occurred with increasing repetition in the Moreton Bay region as well as other areas along the Australian coastline.Lyngbya toxin A (LA) and debromoaplysiatoxin (DAT) were found in samples of L. majuscula collected from Eastern Moreton Bay and North Deception Bay, Queensland, Australia, respectively. Samples of L. majuscula were also obtained from West Maui, Hawaii and the freshwater Lyngbya wollei from Florida. A quantitative measure of the irritant effects of the chemicals found in L. majuscula was made using a mouse ear swelling test. The relative toxicities of two purified toxins, LA and DAT, were examined. These were found to produce swelling to a similar extent. The time course of inflammation and histopathological results were also similar for the two purified toxins. Less than 1 μg per ear of either toxin or a mixture (1:1) of the two toxins caused a measurable increase in ear thickness. When toxins were combined (1:1) there was an additive, not synergistic effect. Increases in ear thickness occurred within 15 min. Crude extracts of L. majuscula from Moreton Bay were also applied to mice ears. The effect of crude extracts from Eastern Moreton Bay was not fully explained by the measured LA content, suggesting other toxin(s) and/or modulating factors were present. The toxic effects of L. majuscula containing DAT from North Deception Bay were explained by the concentrations measured. Some samples of L. majuscula containing no measurable quantities of LA or DAT were found to exert an inflammatory response. This response had a different time course to the response produced by LA or DAT.     

广西部分地区稻田皮炎的调查研究

广西各地稻田皮为存在已久。１９８４－１９９０年，经调查及实验研究，证实流行于上林、横县、宁明、龙州、天等、田阳、都安等县的稻田皮炎，其病原为包氏毛毕吸虫尾蚴，本虫的自然终宿主为家鸭，中间宿主是椭圆卜螺和小土蜗。皮炎的发生常与养鸭习惯、季节性、稻田种类及施肥等因素有关。每年的４－９月份为广西稻田皮炎发病季节，其中４－５月份为广西稻皮炎发病季节，其中４－５月份为发病高峰。     

The basidiomycetous yeasts Cryptococcus diffluens and C. liquefaciens colonize the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis

Our previous research showed that lipophilic yeasts, Malassezia species, colonize the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) at a high frequency. In this study, we found that two basidiomycetous yeasts, Cryptococcus diffluens and C. liquefaciens, colonize the skin significantly more frequently in AD patients than in healthy subjects. Transparent dressings were applied to the skin of 36 AD patients and 30 healthy subjects and then transferred onto Sabouraud dextrose agar. Colonies recovered from the medium were identified by DNA sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions and the D1/D2 26S rRNA gene. C. diffluens and C. liquefaciens were isolated from 42% (15/36) and 33% (12/36) of AD patients and from 20% (6/30) and 20% (6/30) of healthy subjects, respectively. In addition, fungal DNA was extracted directly from the dressings and amplified in a specific nested PCR assay. C. diffluens and C. liquefaciens DNA were detected in dressings from 97% (35/36) and 86% (31/36) of the AD patients and 47% (14/30) and 37% (11/30) of the healthy subjects, respectively. These findings show that Malassezia spp. are not the only yeasts that colonize the skin of AD patients; Cryptococcus spp. also are present in a high proportion of patients. The role of these microorganisms in AD is as yet unknown, but the current findings, in combination with previous results, indicate that C. diffluens, C. liquefaciens, M. globosa, and M. restricta together colonize the skin surface of AD patients at a high frequency.     

Volatile components of selected species of the liverwort genera Frullania and Schusterella (Frullaniaceae) from New Zealand,Australia and South America: a chemosystematic approach

The volatile components of 25 taxa of the liverwort family Frullaniaceae from New Zealand, Australia and South America have been analyzed by GC-MS. The present Frullania species are chemically divided into five major types: (1) sesquiterpene lactones, (2) sesquiterpene lactones-bibenzyls, (3) bibenzyls, (4) 2-alkanone and (5) triterpene types; the latter two chemo-types are newly proposed for the genus. Schusterella chevalierii, belonging to the Frullaniaceae, is closely related chemically to the sesquiterpene lactone type of the Frullania species since it elaborates two eudesmanolides, beta-cyclocostunolide and dihydro-beta-cyclocostunolide as major components.     

Mast cell chymase regulates dermal mast cell number in mice

Chymase inhibitor reduced the increase in the number of dermal mast cells in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced dermatitis in a dose-dependent manner. Intradermal injection of human chymase to mouse ear significantly increased histamine content, the marker for mast cell number in the skin. These results suggest that chymase released by mast cells may participate in local mast cell accumulation in a positive feedback fashion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the intradermal injection of chymase reduces expression of stem cell factor (SCF) on surface of the skin keratinocytes. In addition, incubation of human keratinocytes with chymase in vitro resulted in release of SCF into the culture medium. Since soluble SCF is thought to regulate mast cell number, the chymase-induced mast cell accumulation may occur via the ability of chymase to process membrane-bound SCF on the epidermal keratinocytes.     

丹参凝胶治疗对特应性皮炎小鼠模型皮肤屏障功能、表皮增生以及免疫功能的影响

摘要 目的：研究丹参凝胶治疗对特应性皮炎小鼠模型皮肤屏障功能、表皮增生以及免疫功能的影响。方法：30只C57BL/6小鼠被随机分为Control组、AD组和SG组,每组10只。AD组和SG组背部涂抹对二硝基氟苯建立特应性皮炎小鼠模型,SG小鼠在模型建立成功后涂抹丹参凝胶治疗3周,Control组和AD组涂抹凡士林作为对照。3周后,测量所有小鼠经皮水分丢失量( TEWL) 、皮肤厚度、脾脏指数、胸腺指数,血清IgE、IFN-γ和IL-4,脾脏树突状细胞、Th1和Th2细胞比例。结果：丹参凝胶治疗3周后,AD组和SG组小鼠TEWL、皮肤厚度、脾脏指数、胸腺指数,血清IgE、IFN-γ和IL-4含量,以及脾脏Th2细胞比例均显著高于对照组正常小鼠（P<0.05）,而脾脏树突状细胞、Th1细胞和Th1/Th2细胞比例均显著低于对照组正常小鼠（P<0.05）;与AD组小鼠相比,SG组小鼠TEWL、皮肤厚度、脾脏指数、胸腺指数,血清IgE、IFN-γ和IL-4含量,以及脾脏Th2细胞比例均显著降低（P<0.05）,而脾脏树突状细胞、Th1细胞和Th1/Th2细胞比例均显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：丹参凝胶具有保护特应性皮炎样小鼠皮肤屏障功能和抑制表皮增生的功能,并且可以影响特应性皮炎样小鼠脾脏树突状细胞和辅助性T细胞比例。     

The Skin Commensal Yeast Malassezia Triggers a Type 17 Response that Coordinates Anti-fungal Immunity and Exacerbates Skin Inflammation

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Suitability of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α7 and Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor 3 Antibodies for Immune Detection: Evaluation in Murine Skin

Recent evidence reveals a crucial role for acetylcholine and its receptors in the regulation of inflammation, particularly of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (Chrna7) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 (Chrm3). Immunohistochemistry is a key tool for their cellular localization in functional tissues. We evaluated nine different commercially available antibodies on back skin tissue from wild-type (Wt) and gene-deficient (KO) mice. In the immunohistochemical analysis, we focused on key AChR-ligand sensitive skin cells (mast cells, nerve fibers and keratinocytes). All five antibodies tested for Chrm3 and the first three Chrna7 antibodies stained positive in both Wt and respective KO skin. With the 4th antibody (ab23832) nerve fibers were unlabeled in the KO mice. By western blot analysis, this antibody detected bands in both Wt and Chrna7 KO skin and brain. qRT-PCR revealed mRNA amplification with a primer set for the undeleted region in both Wt and KO mice, but none with a primer set for the deleted region in KO mice. By 2D electrophoresis, we found β-actin and β-enolase cross reactivity, which was confirmed by double immunolabeling. In view of the present results, the tested antibodies are not suitable for immunolocalization in skin and suggest thorough control of antibody specificity is required if histomorphometry is intended.